Enfermería en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: Fundamentos, Valoración, Intervenciones y Cuidados Especializados
Palabras clave:
Enfermería; cuidados intensivos; paciente crítico; seguridad del paciente; cuidado humanizado.Sinopsis
La presente obra aborda los fundamentos científicos, clínicos y humanísticos de la enfermería en unidades de cuidados intensivos, destacando su importancia en la atención integral de pacientes con alteraciones graves de las funciones vitales. A través de quince capítulos, desarrolla una secuencia temática que comprende la organización de estas unidades, la valoración del paciente crítico, la monitorización fisiológica y el manejo de la vía aérea, la oxigenoterapia y la ventilación mecánica. Asimismo, examina los cuidados cardiovasculares, las emergencias hemodinámicas, las alteraciones neurológicas, la disfunción renal y los desequilibrios hidroelectrolíticos y ácido-base. La obra incorpora el reconocimiento de la sepsis, la prevención de infecciones, la administración segura de medicamentos, el soporte nutricional y el manejo de dispositivos y procedimientos invasivos. Desde una perspectiva centrada en la persona, enfatiza la evaluación continua, el razonamiento clínico, la comunicación interdisciplinaria, la seguridad del paciente y la humanización del cuidado. También considera la recuperación funcional y la continuidad asistencial después de la hospitalización. Mediante explicaciones, tablas y figuras, ofrece recursos para fortalecer conocimientos y competencias de estudiantes, docentes y profesionales de enfermería. Su finalidad es contribuir a una práctica crítica, fundamentada en evidencia científica y orientada a preservar la dignidad y el bienestar del paciente.
Descargas
Referencias
A. Martín Vivas, S. S. (2008). Science direct. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S113023990872755X
Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo. (2026). Escalas FOUR y Glasgow: herramientas para el cuidado de la persona con lesión cerebral adquirida: revisión integrativa. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acci.2026.100638
Afenigus, A. D. (2024). Evaluating pain in non-verbal critical care patients: A narrative review of the critical care pain observation tool and Its clinical applications. Frontiers in Pain Research, 5, 1481085. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2024.1481085
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, PSNet. (2024, January 14). ISMP’s list of high-alert medications in acute care settings. https://psnet.ahrq.gov/issue/ismps-list-high-alert-medications-acute-care-settings
Ahmad, I., El-Boghdadly, K., Iliff, H., Dua, G., Higgs, A., Huntington, M., Mir, F., Nouraei, S. A. R., O’Sullivan, E. P., Patel, A., Rivett, K., y McNarry, A. F. (2026). Difficult Airway Society 2025 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 136(1), 283-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2025.10.006
Al-Zubeidi, D., Davis, M. B., y Rahhal, R. (2024). Prevention of complications for hospitalized patients receiving parenteral nutrition: A narrative review. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 39(5), 1037–1053. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.11201
American Heart Association. (2025a). 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: Adult advanced life support. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines
American Heart Association. (2025b). 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: Adult basic life support. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines
ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 Investigators. (2025). Personalized hemodynamic resuscitation targeting capillary refill time in early septic shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 334(22), 1988–1999. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.20402
Ann Dietrich, M. F. (2026, arzo 30). Nurse.com. Retrieved from https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/fever/
Arabi, Y. M., Belley-Cote, E., Carsetti, A., et al. (2024). European Society of Intensive Care Medicine clinical practice guideline on fluid therapy in adult critically ill patients. Part 1: The choice of resuscitation fluids. Intensive Care Medicine, 50, 813–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-024-07369-9
Arvanitakis, M., Gkolfakis, P., Despott, E. J., Ballarin, A., Beyna, T., Boeykens, K., Elbe, P., Gisbertz, I., Hoyois, A., Mosteanu, O., Sanders, D. S., Schmidt, P. T., Schneider, S. M., van Hooft, J. E., y Dumonceau, J.-M. (2021). Endoscopic management of enteral tubes in adult patients – Part 1: Definitions and indications. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy, 53(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1303-7449
Aschenbrenner, D. S. (2024). ISMP updates high-alert medication list for acute care settings. American Journal of Nursing, 124(5), 20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0001016364.55411.47
Assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid-base balance. (2000). BMJ, 321, 1245–1249. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1114160/
Badawy, W., Shalaby, S. A., y Shaban, M. (2026). Burnout and compassion fatigue among ICU nurses: A systematic review of predictors, protective factors and workforce retention interventions. Nursing in Critical Care, 31(2), e70377. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.70377
Barami, K. (2024). Confounding factors impacting the Glasgow coma score: A literature review. Neurological Research, 46(5), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2024.2329860
Barnett, A., Beasley, R., Buchan, C., Chien, J., Farah, C. S., King, G., McDonald, C. F., Miller, B., Munsif, M., Psirides, A., Reid, L., Roberts, M., Smallwood, N., y Smith, S. (2022). Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Position Statement on Acute Oxygen Use in Adults: ‘Swimming between the flags’. Respirology, 27(4), 262-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14218
Barrado Pastrana, R. C. (2022). Paquete de cuidados “ABCDEF Bundle’’ para la prevención del síndrome de debilidad adquirida en el paciente crítico, una revisión bibliográfica. Universidad de Cádiz. https://rodin.uca.es/bitstream/handle/10498/27761/TFG%20Roberto%20Carlos%20Barrado%20Pastrana%20.Definitivo..pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
Barry Hill, C. S. (2021, febrero 21). Mag Online Library. Retrieved from https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.4.230
Bohart, S., Møller, A. M., Andreasen, A. S., Waldau, T., Lamprecht, C., y Thomsen, T. (2022). Effect of patient and family centred care interventions for adult intensive care unit patients and their families: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 69, 103156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2021.103156
Bojorquez, A. P., Vásquez, A. D. L., y López, A. C. J. (2024). Ventilación mecánica. Aspectos esenciales y aplicación clínica. REMUS - Revista Estudiantil de Medicina de la Universidad de Sonora. https://doi.org/10.59420/remus.12.2024.210
Bourgault, A. M., Xie, R., Talbert, S., y Sole, M. L. (2022). Association of enteral feeding with microaspiration in critically ill adults. Applied Nursing Research, 67, 151611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151611
Bruinink, L. J., Linders, M., de Boode, W. P., Fluit, C. R. M. G., y Hogeveen, M. (2024). The ABCDE approach in critically ill patients: A scoping review of assessment tools, adherence and reported outcomes. Elsevier, 20, 100763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100763
Brun, F. K., Fagertun, V. H., Larsen, M. H., y Solberg, M. T. (2025). Comparison of Glasgow Coma Scale and Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score to assess the level of consciousness in patients admitted to intensive care units and emergency departments: A quantitative systematic review. Australian Critical Care, 38(1), 101057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2024.03.012
Buetti, N., Marschall, J., Drees, M., Fakih, M. G., Hadaway, L., Maragakis, L. L., Monsees, E., Novosad, S., O’Grady, N. P., Rupp, M. E., Wolf, J., Yokoe, D., y Mermel, L. A. (2022). Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infection Control y Hospital Epidemiology, 43(5), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.87
Bulloch, M. N., Cardinale-King, M., Cogle, S., Radparvar, S., Effendi, M., Jagpal, S., y Dixit, D. (2024). Correction of electrolyte abnormalities in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Research, 4, 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44231-023-00054-3
Burston, A., Butterworth, J., Mehicic, A., y Fulbrook, P. (2025). The psychometric properties of the Braden Scale to assess pressure injury risk in acute care: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 34(10), 4055–4073. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17862
Bustamante Hernández, S., García-Salido, A., Ballestero Díez, Y., Bermúdez-Barrezueta, L., León González, J. S., Alcarraz Alcarraz, M., y González García, J. (2026). Oxigenoterapia. Anales de Pediatría, 504318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2026.504318
Castro, D., y Zubair, M. (2026, 5 de julio). Arterial blood gas analysis: Fundamentals, interpretation, and clinical utility. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536919/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, February 28). Summary of recommendations: Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/intravascular-catheter-related-infections/summary-recommendations.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024a, April 3). Standard precautions for all patient care. https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/basics/standard-precautions.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024b, April 3). Transmission-based precautions. https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/basics/transmission-based-precautions.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026). National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) patient safety component manual. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/psc/index.html
Chen, X., Pan, H., Li, F., Gong, G., Cui, L., Fang, F., y Zhu, R. (2025). Nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture in intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nursing in Critical Care, 30(5), e70138. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.70138
Cherisse Berry, M. R. (2025). Retrieved from msd manuals: https://www.msdmanuals.com/es/professional/cuidados-cr%C3%ADticos/abordaje-del-paciente-con-enfermedad-cr%C3%ADtica/monitorizaci%C3%B3n-y-estudio-del-paciente-en-cuidados-cr%C3%ADticos
Cilveti Sesma, A. (2026, julio 28). ▷ Detección precoz del delirium mediante las escalas CAM y CAM-ICU: Importancia del papel de enfermería en el ámbito hospitalario. Ocronos - Editorial Científico-Técnica, IX(7). https://revistamedica.com/deteccion-precoz-delirium-mediante-escalas-cam-icu-importancia/
Clinical Assessment on Days 1–14 for the Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury: Recommendations from the 2024 NINDS Traumatic Brain Injury Classification and Nomenclature Initiative Clinical/Symptoms Working Group. (2025). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12417841/
Cogle, S. V., Hutchison, A. M., y Mulherin, D. W. (2023). Finding the sweet spot: Managing parenteral nutrition-related glycemic complications in hospitalized adults. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 38(6), 1263–1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.11073
Compher, C., Bingham, A. L., McCall, M., Patel, J., Rice, T. W., Braunschweig, C., y McKeever, L. (2022). Guidelines for the provision of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 46(1), 12–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2267
Cooper, A. S. (2024). Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit for Diagnosing Delirium in Adults in Critical Care Settings. Critical Care Nurse, 44(6), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2024232
Corona, A., Cattaneo, D., y Latronico, N. (2022). Antibiotic therapy in the critically ill with acute renal failure and renal replacement therapy: A narrative review. Antibiotics, 11(12), Article 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121769
Cruz, A. C. (2026). Vía aérea crítica (1.a edición) [Libro impreso o electrónico, según la versión consultada]. Elsevier Health Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2023-0-12345-6
Daum, N., Drewniok, N., Bald, A., Ulm, B., Buyukli, A., Grunow, J. J., y Schaller, S. J. (2024). Early mobilisation within 72 hours after admission of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 80, 103573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103573
De Waele, E., Jonckheer, J., y Wischmeyer, P. E. (2021). Indirect calorimetry in critical illness: A new standard of care? Current Opinion in Critical Care, 27(4), 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000844
Dockrell, L., y McClure, J. (2023). Electrolyte disorders in the critically ill. Anaesthesia y Intensive Care Medicine, 24(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2022.12.011
Domenech-Briz, V., Gea-Caballero, V., Czapla, M., Chover-Sierra, E., Juárez-Vela, R., Santolalla Arnedo, I., Villanueva-Blasco, V. J., Sánchez-González, J. L., y Martínez-Sabater, A. (2023). Importance of nutritional assessment tools in the critically ill patient: A systematic review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 1073782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1073782
Dresen, E., Notz, Q., Menger, J., Homayr, A. L., Lindner, M., Radke, D. I., Stoppe, C., y Elke, G. (2023). What the clinician needs to know about medical nutrition therapy in critically ill patients in 2023: A narrative review. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 38(3), 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10984
drogué, H. J., y Madias, N. E. (2000). Hypernatremia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342(20), 1493–1499. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005183422006
Du, Q., Chen, C., Wu, S., Sun, F., Bian, H., y Ni, L. (2026). Summary of best evidence for drainage tube management to prevent surgical site infections. BMC Surgery. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-026-03962-5
Egerod, I., Kaldan, G., Nordentoft, S., Larsen, A., Herling, S. F., Thomsen, T., y Endacott, R. (2021). Skills, competencies, and policies for advanced practice critical care nursing in Europe: A scoping review. Nurse Education in Practice, 54, 103142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103142
Ely, W. (2023). CADA RESPIRACIÓN PROFUNDA: La experiencia de un intensivista sobre curar y sanar (1ra ed.). Editorial Médica AWWE. https://www.icudelirium.org/medical-professionals/both-sat-and-sbt
European Association of Urology Nurses. (2024). Indwelling catheterisation in adults: Urethral and suprapubic. https://nurses.uroweb.org/guidelines/indwelling-catheterisation-in-adults-urethral-and-suprapubic/
European Society of Cardiology. (2021). 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. European Heart Journal, 42(35), 3427–3520. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364
European Society of Cardiology. (2023a). 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal, 44(38), 3720–3826. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191
European Society of Cardiology. (2024). 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). European Heart Journal. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Atrial-Fibrillation
Evans, L., Rhodes, A., Alhazzani, W., Antonelli, M., Coopersmith, C. M., French, C., Machado, F. R., McIntyre, L., Ostermann, M., Prescott, H. C., Schorr, C., Simpson, S., Wiersinga, W. J., Alshamsi, F., Angus, D. C., Arabi, Y., Azevedo, L., Beale, R., Beilman, G., ... Levy, M. (2021). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Medicine, 47, 1181–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y
Fabre, E. J., Cajilima Jimenez, V. M., Buele Banegas, B. V., Barreto Acevedo, J. A., Guerra Godoy, E. P., Rosero Chancay, L. A., y Fernández Cordobés, C. H. (2023). Fundamentos de Medicina Critica y Cuidados Intensivos. Juan Cuevas. https://doi.org/10.56470/978-9942-627-37-7
Garreta Fontelles, G., Padilla Castaño, H., Lopez Lopez-Cepero, M., Maqueda Palau, M., Barbado Monge, M. C., Liron Sanchez, T., y Martorell Puigserver, C. (2025/2026). ICU Y-site compatibility at standardised infusion concentrations: Method-stratified synthesis and practical chart. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2025-004732
Gaudry, S., Srisawat, N., y Joannidis, M. (2025). Renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Medicine, 51(8), 1514–1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07987-x
Glowicz, J. B., Landon, E., Sickbert-Bennett, E. E., Aiello, A. E., deKay, K., Hoffmann, K. K., Maragakis, L. L., Olmsted, R. N., Polgreen, P. M., Trexler, P. A., VanAmringe, M. A., Wood, A. R., Yokoe, D., y Ellingson, K. D. (2023). SHEA/IDSA/APIC practice recommendation: Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene: 2022 update. Infection Control y Hospital Epidemiology, 44(3), 355–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.304
Goldberg, M. A. (2022). Evaluación del nivel de sedación en pacientes críticos adultos utilizando la escala Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale. Argentinian journal of respiratory and physical therapy, 4(2), 60-62. https://doi.org/10.58172/ajrpt.v4i2.228
Goldberg, M. A. (2024). Evaluación del dolor en pacientes adultos críticos. Argentinian journal of respiratory and physical therapy, 6(1), 49-51. https://doi.org/10.58172/ajrpt.v6i1.306
Gorecki, N. M. (2024). Intensive care unit sleep promotion bundle: Impact on sleep quality, delirium, and other patient outcomes. Critical Care Nurse, 44(4), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2024972
Gottlieb, M., DeMasi, S. C., Casey, J. D., Semler, M. W., y Buell, K. G. (2026). Airway management of adults in the acute care setting. BMJ, 393, e086612. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-086612
Greer, D. M., Kirschen, M. P., Lewis, A., Gronseth, G. S., Rae-Grant, A., Ashwal, S., Babu, M. A., Bauer, D. F., Billinghurst, L. L., Corey, A. S., et al. (2023). Pediatric and adult brain death/death by neurologic criteria consensus guideline: Report of the AAN Guidelines Subcommittee, AAP, CNS, and SCCM. Neurology, 101(24), 1112–1132. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207740
Gunnlaugsdóttir, T., Jónasdóttir, R. J., Björnsdóttir, K., y Klinke, M. E. (2024). How can family members of patients in the intensive care unit be supported? A systematic review of qualitative reviews, meta-synthesis, and novel recommendations for nursing care. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 7, 100251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100251
Hansen, J. T. (2023). Netter. Anatomía clínica. Elsevier. https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=--yyEAAAQBAJ
Hardy, G., Austin, P. D., Davis, M. R., Manzanares, W., Mühlebach, S. F., Pietka, M., y Allwood, M. C. (2021). Photoprotection of parenteral nutrition: An international perspective. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 36(5), 921–925. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10773
He, X., Song, Y., Cao, Y., Miao, L., y Zhu, B. (2024). Post intensive care syndrome: A review of clinical symptoms, evaluation, intervention. Heliyon, 10(10), e31278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31278
He, Y., Pan, W., Zhang, Q., y Qin, W. (2026). Intensive care unit nurses' perceptions and experiences of clinical alarms: A systematic review of qualitative evidence using meta-aggregation. Nursing in Critical Care, 31(4), e70538. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.70538
Heidenreich, P. A., Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D., Allen, L. A., Byun, J. J., Colvin, M. M., Deswal, A., Drazner, M. H., Dunlay, S. M., Evers, L. R., Fang, J. C., Fedson, S. E., Fonarow, G. C., Hayek, S. S., Hernandez, A. F., Khazanie, P., Kittleson, M. M., Lee, C. S., Link, M. S., ... Yancy, C. W. (2022). 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation, 145(18), e895–e1032. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
Hernadez Lozado, J. (2023). Curvas en Ventilación Mecánica Aventho | PDF | Especialidades Medicas | Medicina CLINICA. Scribd. https://es.scribd.com/document/588702352/Atlas-de-Curvas-AVENTHO-3ra-Edicion-1
Honarmand, K., Sirimaturos, M., Hirshberg, E. L., Bircher, N. G., Agus, M. S. D., Carpenter, D. L., Downs, C. R., Farrington, E. A., Freire, A. X., Grow, A., Irving, S. Y., Krinsley, J. S., Lanspa, M. J., Long, M. T., Nagpal, D., Preiser, J.-C., Srinivasan, V., Umpierrez, G. E., y Jacobi, J. (2024). Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on glycemic control for critically ill children and adults 2024. Critical Care Medicine, 52(4), e161–e181. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000006174
Huang, C., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Jiang, M., Foon, L. Y., Lv, L., y Han, L. (2021). Predictive validity of the Braden scale for pressure injury risk assessment in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nursing Open, 8(5), 2194–2207. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.792
Hwang, D. Y., Oczkowski, S. J. W., Lewis, K., Birriel, B., Downar, J., Farrier, C. E., Fiest, K. M., Gerritsen, R. T., Hart, J., Hartog, C. S., Heras-La Calle, G., Hope, A. A., Jennerich, A. L., Kentish-Barnes, N., Kleinpell, R., Kross, E. K., Marshall, A. P., Nydahl, P., Peters, T., ... Hopkins, R. O. (2025). Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on family-centered care for adult ICUs: 2024. Critical Care Medicine, 53(2), e465–e482. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000006549
Infectious Diseases Society of America, y European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. (2026). IDSA/ESCMID 2026 consensus statements on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Risk stratification, diagnostic evaluation, and management of adults and children. https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremia/
Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (2024). ISMP list of high-alert medications in acute care settings. https://www.ismp.org/system/files/resources/2024-01/ISMP_HighAlert_AcuteCare_List_010924_MS5760.pdf
Jing, H., Bai, X., Wen, W., Yang, N., Zhai, J., y Gao, Y. (2026). A mixed-methods systematic review of factors affecting missed nursing care in intensive care. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 93, 104344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2026.104344
Johnston, A. J., Simpson, M. J., McCormack, V., Barton, A., Bennett, J., Chalisey, A., Crane, J., Curry, S., Laycock, H., Patel, D., See, T., Shubhaker, J., Singh, K., y Thornton, S. (2025). Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: Safe vascular access 2025. Anaesthesia, 80(11), 1381–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.16727
Joo, Y., Han, E., y Jang, Y. (2025). Educational programs to improve nursing competency of patient- and family-centered care in intensive care units: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 151, 106699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106699
Joo, Y., Jang, Y., y Kwon, O. Y. (2024). Contents and effectiveness of patient- and family-centred care interventions in adult intensive care units: A systematic review. Nursing in Critical Care, 29(6), 1290–1302. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.13105
Jourdain, M., Chatti, I. G., Housni, B., Jaquet, P., Jezequel, M., Kane, O., La Combe, B., Landais, M., Marzouk, M., de Montmollin, E., Mortamet, G., Nay, M.-A., Salmon-Gandonnière, C., Perinel-Ragey, S., Rambaud, J., Schmitt, J., Simon, M., Starck, J., Thille, A. W., y Dequin, P.-F. (2025). Renal replacement therapy in an intensive care unit: Guidelines from the SRLF-GFRUP consensus conference. Annals of Intensive Care, 15(1), Article 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-025-01517-0
Karamchandani, K., Nasa, P., Jarzebowski, M., Brewster, D. J., De Jong, A., Bauer, P. R., Berkow, L., Brown, C. A., Cabrini, L., Casey, J., Cook, T., Divatia, J. V., Duggan, L. V., Ellard, L., Ergan, B., Jonsson Fagerlund, M., Gatward, J., Greif, R., Higgs, A., … on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists (SOCCA) Physiologically Difficult Airway Task Force. (2024). Tracheal intubation in critically ill adults with a physiologically difficult airway. An international Delphi study. Intensive Care Medicine, 50(10), 1563-1579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-024-07578-2
Kath, M., Ramamoorthy, L., Ram Sankar, P., y Lalthanthuami, H. (2026). Effect of transducer position on intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring among patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 49(3), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000612
Kent, M. S., Mitzman, B., Diaz-Gutierrez, I., Khullar, O. V., Fernando, H. C., Backhus, L., Brunelli, A., Cassivi, S. D., Cerfolio, R. J., Crabtree, T. D., Kakuturu, J., Martin, L. W., Raymond, D. P., Schumacher, L., y Hayanga, J. W. A. (2024). The Society of Thoracic Surgeons expert consensus document on the management of pleural drains after pulmonary lobectomy: Expert consensus document. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 118(4), 764–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.04.016
Kesecioglu, J., Rusinova, K., Alampi, D., Arabi, Y. M., Benbenishty, J., Benoit, D., Boulanger, C., Cecconi, M., Cox, C., van Dam, M., van Dijk, D., Downar, J., Efstathiou, N., Endacott, R., Galazzi, A., van Gelder, F., Gerritsen, R. T., Girbes, A., Hawryluck, L., ... Azoulay, E. (2024). European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines on end of life and palliative care in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine, 50, 1740–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-024-07579-1
Khorsand, S., Helou, M. F., Satyapriya, V., Kopanczyk, R., y Khanna, A. K. (2023). Not all shock states are created equal: A review of the diagnosis and management of septic, hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. Anesthesiology Clinics, 41(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2022.11.002
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKD Work Group. (2024). KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 105(4S), S117–S314. https://kdigo.org/guidelines/ckd-evaluation-and-management/
Klompas, M., Branson, R., Cawcutt, K., Crist, M., Eichenwald, E. C., Greene, L. R., Lee, G., Maragakis, L. L., Powell, K., Priebe, G. P., Speck, K., Yokoe, D. S., y Berenholtz, S. M. (2022). Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infection Control y Hospital Epidemiology, 43(6), 687–713. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.88
Kluwer, W. (2021). Retrieved from Conceptos de fisiología cardiovascular: https://cvphysiology.com/blood-pressure/bp006
Kociolek, L. K., Gerding, D. N., Carrico, R., Carling, P., Donskey, C. J., Dumyati, G., Kuhar, D. T., Loo, V. G., Maragakis, L. L., Pogorzelska-Maziarz, M., Sandora, T. J., Weber, D. J., Yokoe, D., y Dubberke, E. R. (2023). Strategies to prevent Clostridioides difficile infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infection Control y Hospital Epidemiology, 44(4), 527–549. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2023.18
Lange, S., Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, W., Friganovic, A., Oomen, B., y Krupa, S. (2022). Non-Pharmacological Nursing Interventions to Prevent Delirium in ICU Patients—An Umbrella Review with Implications for Evidence-Based Practice. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(5), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050760
Lewis, K., Balas, M. C., Stollings, J. L., et al. (2025). A focused update to the clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, anxiety, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 53(3), e711–e727. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000006574
Ley, D., Austin, K., Wilson, K. A., y Saha, S. (2023). Tutorial on adult enteral tube feeding: Indications, placement, removal, complications, and ethics. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 47(5), 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2510
Li, Y., Huang, Z., Yu, K., y Li, Y. (2024). Effects of evidence-based nursing in preventing pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients: A meta-analysis. International Wound Journal, 21(3), e14489. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14489
Li, Z., Lu, F., Saylor, M. A., Wu, J., Reynolds, N. R., Wang, J., Hwang, H., Wang, H., y Wenzel, J. (2026). Characteristics and effectiveness of nurse-led family communication interventions in the ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine, 54(2), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000006952
Lisbeth Roesen Leinum, M. K. (2023). PubMed. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10729040/
Liu, S., Yang, X., Xie, W., Huang, S., Xiao, W., Deng, Y., y Zhang, C. (2025). Identifying family experiences and perspectives on involvement in care of adult ICU patients under family-centered care: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 90, 104059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104059
Loftus, N. W., Navales, V., y Bowden, T. (2024). Using the NEWS2 and ABCDE assessment to identify early signs of clinical deterioration. Nursing Standard, 39(4), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2024.e12188
Lok, C. E., Yuo, T., y Lee, T. (2025). Hemodialysis Vascular Access: Core Curriculum 2025. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 85(2), 236-252. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.05.021
López Jiménez, D. A. (2025). Cuidados de enfermería revisión bibliográfica sobre modelo de valoración de enfermería en pacientes internados en cuidados críticos. https://repositorio.uleam.edu.ec/handle/123456789/9861
Lovegrove, J., Ven, S., Miles, S. J., y Fulbrook, P. (2023). Comparison of pressure injury risk assessment outcomes using a structured assessment tool versus clinical judgement: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(9–10), 1674–1690. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16154
Ma, S., Gu, J., y Fan, X. (2023). Need to clamp indwelling urinary catheters before removal after different durations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 13(2), e064075. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064075
Mao, A., Su, J., Ren, M., Chen, S., y Zhang, H. (2025). Risk prediction models for falls in hospitalized older patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 25(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-05688-0
Mariano-Gomes, P. M., Ouverney-Braz, A., y Oroski-Paes, G. (2024). Adverse events with arterial catheters in intensive care units: A scoping review. Enfermería Intensiva (English Edition), 35(4), 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfie.2024.06.001
Marshall, J. C., Bosco, L., Adhikari, N. K., Connolly, B., Diaz, J. V., Dorman, T., Fowler, R. A., Meyfroidt, G., Nakagawa, S., Pelosi, P., Vincent, J.-L., Vollman, K., y Zimmerman, J. (2020). What is an intensive care unit? A report of the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. Journal of Critical Care, 37, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.07.015
McDonagh, T. A., Metra, M., Adamo, M., Gardner, R. S., Baumbach, A., Böhm, M., Burri, H., Butler, J., Čelutkienė, J., Chioncel, O., Cleland, J. G. F., Coats, A. J. S., Crespo-Leiro, M. G., Farmakis, D., Gilard, M., Heymans, S., Hoes, A. W., Jaarsma, T., Jankowska, E. A., ... Skibelund, A. K. (2021). 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal, 42(36), 3599–3726. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
Mechanical Ventilation: Purpose, Types y Complications. (2024, septiembre 27). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/15368-mechanical-ventilation
Medina, M. del R. P., Pantea, A., Orejuela, L. P., Sierra, M. D. A., Gracia, A. P., y Mateo, S. E. (2026). Obstrucción de la vía aérea en adultos. Revista Sanitaria de Investigación, 7(7), 77.
Mekontso Dessap, A., AlShamsi, F., Belletti, A., et al. (2025). European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) clinical practice guideline on fluid therapy in adult critically ill patients: Part 2—The volume of resuscitation fluids. Intensive Care Medicine, 51, 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07840-1
Meyhoff, T. S., Hjortrup, P. B., Wetterslev, J., et al. (2022). Restriction of intravenous fluid in ICU patients with septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine, 386, 2459–2470. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202707
Miller, J. M., Binnicker, M. J., Campbell, S., Carroll, K. C., Chapin, K. C., Gonzalez, M. D., Harrington, A., Jerris, R. C., Kehl, S. C., Leal, S. M., Jr., Patel, R., Pritt, B. S., Richter, S. S., Robinson-Dunn, B., Snyder, J. W., Telford, S. R., III, Theel, E. S., Thomson, R. B., Jr., Weinstein, M. P., ... Yao, J. D. (2024). Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciae104. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae104
Møller, J. E., Engstrøm, T., Jensen, L. O., et al. (2024). Microaxial flow pump or standard care in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. New England Journal of Medicine, 390, 1382–1393. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2312572
Monnet, X., Messina, A., Greco, M., et al. (2025). ESICM guidelines on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring 2025. Intensive Care Medicine, 51, 1971–2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-08137-z
Moraes, F. da S., Marengo, L. L., Moura, M. D. G., Bergamaschi, C. de C., de Sá Del Fiol, F., Lopes, L. C., Silva, M. T., y Barberato-Filho, S. (2022). ABCDE and ABCDEF care bundles: A systematic review of the implementation process in intensive care units. Medicine, 101(25), e29499. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029499
Muaddi, L., Ledgerwood, C., Sheridan, R., Dumont, T., y Nashar, K. (2022). Acute renal failure and its complications, indications for emergent dialysis, and dialysis modalities. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 45(3), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000410
Naidu, S. S., Baran, D. A., Jentzer, J. C., et al. (2022). SCAI SHOCK stage classification expert consensus update: A review and incorporation of validation studies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 79(9), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.018
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Clinical Trials Network. (2023). Early restrictive or liberal fluid management for sepsis-induced hypotension. New England Journal of Medicine, 388, 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2212663
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2022). Epilepsies in children, young people and adults (NICE Guideline NG217). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2023). Head injury: Assessment and early management (NICE Guideline NG232). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng232
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2024). Acute kidney injury: Prevention, detection and management (NICE Guideline NG148). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng148
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2024). Stroke: Hope through research. National Institutes of Health. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/stroke
National Tracheostomy Safety Project. (2024). Emergency tracheostomy management: Patent upper airway [Clinical algorithm]. https://tracheostomy.org.uk/storage/files/NTSP_GREEN_Tracheostomy_Algorithm.pdf
Neurocritical Care Society. (2024). Brain death determination: Toolkit. https://learning.neurocriticalcare.org/products/brain-death-determination-toolkit
Neuromonitoring: An overview. (2026). Best Practice y Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2026.04.001
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. (2024). ICP monitoring SOP. https://www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/nhsggc-guidelines/nhsggc-guidelines/intensive-and-critical-care/icp-monitoring-sop/
Noyahr, J. K., Tatucu-Babet, O. A., Chapple, L. S., Ridley, E. J., Udy, A. A., y Deane, A. M. (2022). A systematic review on the agreement between clinical practice guidelines regarding the steps of the nutrition care process of adult patients who are critically ill. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 46(7), 1459–1475. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2354
Núñez-Núñez, M., et al. (2022). Compatibility of prolonged infusion antibiotics during Y-site administration. Nursing in Critical Care, 27(6), 849–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12754
Nydahl, P., Jeitziner, M.-M., Vater, V., Sivarajah, S., Howroyd, F., McWilliams, D., y Osterbrink, J. (2023). Early mobilisation for prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 74, 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103334
Ocronos, R. M. y de E. (2022, septiembre 2). ▷ Parámetros ventilatorios en ventilación mecánica invasiva en el paciente pediátrico. Ocronos - Editorial Científico-Técnica. https://revistamedica.com/parametros-ventilatorios-ventilacion-mecanica-invasiva-pediatria/
Oczkowski, S., Ergan, B., Bos, L., Chatwin, M., Ferrer, M., Gregoretti, C., Heunks, L., Frat, J.-P., Longhini, F., Nava, S., Navalesi, P., Ozsancak Uğurlu, A., Pisani, L., Renda, T., Thille, A. W., Winck, J. C., Windisch, W., Tonia, T., Boyd, J., … Scala, R. (2022). ERS clinical practice guidelines: High-flow nasal cannula in acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal, 59(4), 2101574. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01574-2021
Oner, B., Cokelek, F., Calıskan, N., y Duygulu, S. (2025). Risks posed by nurses’ working hours in the intensive care unit: A systematic review. BMC Nursing, 24, 1319. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03983-0
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2021, 4 de marzo). Cinco momentos para la higiene de manos. https://www.who.int/es/publications/m/item/five-moments-for-hand-hygiene
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2024). Sepsis. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sepsis
Pacini, E., Alfaroli, L., Asiller, Ö. Ö., Belletti, A., Borello, M., Fresilli, S., Landoni, G., De Backer, D., y Monti, G. (2026). Delayed presentation of air embolism after removal of central venous catheters: A systematic review. Journal of Critical Care, 94, 155606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2026.155606
Papathanakos, G., Blot, S., y Koulenti, D. (2024). Refeeding syndrome in the ICU: A serious problem still lacking an evidence-based approach. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 85, 103771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103771
Paricio, M., Zaman, S., Castillón, G., Martín, A., y Miguel, A. (2026, febrero 26). Prevención neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) en pacientes de unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI): Proyecto neumonía zero. ▷ RSI - Revista Sanitaria de Investigación. https://revistasanitariadeinvestigacion.com/prevencion-neumonia-asociada-a-la-ventilacion-mecanica-navm-en-pacientes-de-unidad-de-cuidados-intensivos-uci-proyecto-neumonia-zero/
Patel, P. K., Advani, S. D., Kofman, A. D., Lo, E., Maragakis, L. L., Pegues, D. A., Pettis, A. M., Saint, S., Trautner, B. W., Yokoe, D. S., y Meddings, J. (2023). Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infection Control y Hospital Epidemiology, 44(8), 1209–1231. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2023.137
Peñaherrera Yánez, J. L., y Echeverría Penagos, J. S. (2023, octubre 16). Protocolo de uso de Ventilación Mecánica no Invasiva en la Unidad Adultos Área de Cuidados Intensivos. cambios. Protocolo de uso de Ventilación Mecánica no Invasiva en la Unidad Adultos Área de Cuidados Intensivos. file:///Users/user/Downloads/06_Dra_Margarita_Soria.pdf
Peng, F., Wang, H., Li, J., Ma, M., Jiang, X., Run, H., Li, Q., Leng, J., Xiao, L., y Tang, L. (2024). Best evidence summary for prevention and management of enteral feeding intolerance in critically ill patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 33(3), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16934
Piraino, T., Madden, M., Roberts, K. J., Lamberti, J., Ginier, E., y Strickland, S. L. (2022). AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Adult Patients With Oxygen in the Acute Care Setting. Respiratory Care, 67(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.09294
Pironi, L., Boeykens, K., Bozzetti, F., Joly, F., Klek, S., Lal, S., Lichota, M., Mühlebach, S., Van Gossum, A., Wanten, G., Wheatley, C., y Bischoff, S. C. (2023). ESPEN practical guideline: Home parenteral nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 42(3), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.003
Pittiruti, M., Van Boxtel, T., Scoppettuolo, G., Carr, P., Konstantinou, E., Ortiz Miluy, G., Lamperti, M., Goossens, G. A., Simcock, L., Dupont, C., Inwood, S., Bertoglio, S., Nicholson, J., Pinelli, F., y Pepe, G. (2023). European recommendations on the proper indication and use of peripheral venous access devices (the ERPIUP consensus): A WoCoVA project. Journal of Vascular Access, 24(1), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/11297298211023274
Pohlenz-Saw, J. A. E., Merriweather, J. L., y Wandrag, L. (2023). (Mal)nutrition in critical illness and beyond: A narrative review. Anaesthesia, 78(6), 770–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15951
Pola, V., Monguilod, P., Iguaz, M., Pascual, L., Orta, T., y Martínez, D. (2025, mayo 20). El proceso de destete de la ventilación mecánica y el papel crucial de enfermería en la recuperación respiratoria del paciente crítico en unidades de cuidados intensivo. ▷ RSI - Revista Sanitaria de Investigación. https://revistasanitariadeinvestigacion.com/el-proceso-de-destete-de-la-ventilacion-mecanica-y-el-papel-crucial-de-enfermeria-en-la-recuperacion-respiratoria-del-paciente-critico-en-unidades-de-cuidados-intensivo/
Powers, J., Brown, B., Lyman, B., Escuro, A. A., Linford, L., Gorsuch, K., Mogensen, K. M., Engelbrecht, J., Chaney, A., McGinnis, C., Quatrara, B. A., Leonard, J., y Guenter, P. (2021). Development of a competency model for placement and verification of nasogastric and nasoenteric feeding tubes for adult hospitalized patients. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 36(3), 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10671
Practical considerations for individualizing drug dosing in critically ill adults receiving renal replacement therapy. (2023). Pharmacotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37491976/
Prescott, H. C., Antonelli, M., Alhazzani, W., et al. (2026). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026. Critical Care Medicine, 54(4), 725–812. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000007075
Rashidi, E., Razban, F., y Asadi, N. (2024). The effect of nurse-initiated diary intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder and recall of memories in ICU survivors: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 24, Article 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05581-x
Reifarth, E., Garcia Borrega, J., y Kochanek, M. (2023). How to communicate with family members of the critically ill in the intensive care unit: A scoping review. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 74, 103328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103328
Rhee, H. (2025). Dialysis decision in critically ill patients in intensive care unit. Acute and Critical Care, 40(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.004896
Robinson, T., y Scullion, J. (2021). Anatomy and physiology. En T. Robinson y J. Scullion (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Nursing (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198831815.003.0003
Roda, S., Pereda, J., Pina, J., Martínez, J., Ripa, E., y Maqués, C. (2025, marzo 7). Cuidados de enfermería en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva. ▷ RSI - Revista Sanitaria de Investigación. https://revistasanitariadeinvestigacion.com/cuidados-de-enfermeria-en-pacientes-con-ventilacion-mecanica-invasiva/
Romem, A., y Gilboa, H. (2023). Percutaneous tracheostomy in the ICU: A review of the literature and recent updates. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 29(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000928
Rossaint, R., Afshari, A., Bouillon, B., et al. (2023). The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: Sixth edition. Critical Care, 27, Article 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04327-7
Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2025). Nursing assessment. https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Nursing_Assessment/
Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2025). Nursing guideline: Neurological observations. https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Neurological_Observations/
Rüggeberg, A., El-Boghdadly, K., Bilotta, F., Dias Vaz, M., Camilleri Podestà, A. M., Jammer, I., Schindler, E., Elmawieh, J., y Nagrebetsky, A. (2026). Peri-operative fasting in adults: An international, multidisciplinary consensus statement. Anaesthesia, 81(6), 840–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.70130
Sakuramoto, H., Kuribara, T., Ouchi, A., Haruna, J., Unoki, T., y Working Group for Critical Care Nurse Survey. (2023). Clinical practice competencies for standard critical care nursing: Consensus statement based on a systematic review and Delphi survey. BMJ Open, 13(1), e068734. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068734
Salib, M., Salib, J., Kondilis, E., Music, A., y Phillips, M. (2025). Optimizing surgical drain removal: A narrative review of timing, criteria, and evidence-based practices. Cureus, 17(10), e94492. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.94492
salusplay. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.salusplay.com/apuntes/cuidados-intensivos-uci/tema-5-monitorizacion-hemodinamica/resumen
Schneider, L., Nedel, W. L., Perez, A. V., Sei, L. J. C., Silveira, R. C., Viana, M. V., y Rech, T. H. (2026). Incidence and mortality of refeeding syndrome in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 16(1), 10454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41063-8
science direct. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/respiratory-rate
Scott, L. J., Jackson, J., Dawson, S., Knight, T., y Savović, J. (2026). Does the use of National Early Warning Scores (NEWS or NEWS2) in healthcare settings improve patient outcomes: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 15(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03088-y
Sevilla Semper, M., Lafuente Ojeda, N., y Gallego Ligorit, L. (with Universidad de Zaragoza). (2026). Sedación y analgesia en pacientes postoperatorios en reanimación: Elección farmacológica y monitorización. Universidad de Zaragoza. https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/172140
Shaban, E. E., Elgassim, M., Shaban, A., et al. (2024). Reviving the critically ill: Exploring effective fluid resuscitation approaches for diverse types of shock. [Referencia heredada del avance 2; comprobar datos bibliográficos originales].
Sharp, R., Carr, P., Childs, J., Scullion, A., Young, M., Flynn, T., Kirker, C., Jackson, G., y Esterman, A. (2021). Catheter to vein ratio and risk of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)-associated thrombosis according to diagnostic group: A retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 11(7), e045895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045895
Shime, N., Nakada, T.-A., Yatabe, T., Yamakawa, K., Aoki, Y., Inoue, S., Iba, T., Ogura, H., Kawai, Y., Kawaguchi, A., Kawasaki, T., Kondo, Y., Sakuraya, M., Taito, S., Doi, K., Hashimoto, H., Hara, Y., Fukuda, T., Matsushima, A., ... Matsumoto, T. (2025). The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2024. Acute Medicine y Surgery, 12(1), e70037. https://doi.org/10.1002/ams2.70037
Sigg, A.-A., Zivkovic, V., Bartussek, J., Schuepbach, R. A., Ince, C., y Hilty, M. P. (2024). The physiological basis for individualized oxygenation targets in critically ill patients with circulatory shock. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 12, Article 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40635-024-00651-6
Silva, E. G. da, Araujo, B. R., Borges, R. de M., Vieira, T. W., de Paula, C. C., y Caregnato, R. C. A. (2024). Nursing care for adult patients with chest drainage: A scoping review. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 58, e20240017. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2024-0017en
Singer, P., Reintam Blaser, A., Berger, M. M., Calder, P. C., Casaer, M., Hiesmayr, M., Mayer, K., Montejo-Gonzalez, J. C., Pichard, C., Preiser, J.-C., Szczeklik, W., van Zanten, A. R. H., y Bischoff, S. C. (2023). ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: Clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clinical Nutrition, 42(9), 1671–1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.011
Sinha, S. S., Geller, B. J., Katz, J. N., Arslanian-Engoren, C., Barnett, C. F., Bohula, E. A., Damluji, A. A., Menon, V., Roswell, R. O., Vallabhajosyula, S., Vest, A. R., van Diepen, S., y Morrow, D. A. (2025). Evolution of critical care cardiology: An update on structure, care delivery, training, and research paradigms: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 150, e687–e707. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001300
Sinha, S. S., Morrow, D. A., Kapur, N. K., et al. (2025). 2025 concise clinical guidance: An ACC expert consensus statement on the evaluation and management of cardiogenic shock. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. [Comprobar volumen y páginas en publicación definitiva].
Society of Critical Care Medicine. (2026). Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines for the administration of neuromuscular blockade in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41773929/
Society of Critical Care Medicine. (n.d.). Guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient. https://www.sccm.org/clinical-resources/guidelines/guidelines/guidelines-for-sustained-neuromuscular-blockade-in
Spasovski, G., et al. (2014). Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 29(Suppl. 2), i1–i39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfu040
Staff, R. T. (2023, septiembre 11). NIPPV and High-level Pulmonary Support in Neonates. Respiratory Therapy. https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/icu-ventilation/nippv-high-level-pulmonary-support-neonates/
Stanski, N. L., Rodrigues, C. E., Strader, M., Murray, P. T., Endre, Z. H., y Bagshaw, S. M. (2023). Precision management of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: Current state of the art. Intensive Care Medicine, 49(9), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-023-07171-z
Sterns, R. H. (2015). Treatment of severe hyponatremia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 10(4), 641–649. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10441014
Strini, V., Schiavolin, R., y Prendin, A. (2021). Fall risk assessment scales: A systematic literature review. Nursing Reports, 11(2), 430–443. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11020041
Survey on neurological monitoring practices and clinician perspectives in acute stroke care. (2025). Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. https://www.strokejournal.org/article/S1052-3057%2825%2900026-6/fulltext
Szafran, J. C., y Patel, B. K. (2024). Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Critical care clinics, 40(2), 255-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2024.01.003
Tamma, P. D., Heil, E. L., Justo, J. A., Mathers, A. J., Satlin, M. J., y Bonomo, R. A. (2024). Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciae403. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae403
Tan, M. W., Lim, F. P., Siew, A. L., Levett-Jones, T., Chua, W. L., y Liaw, S. Y. (2021). Why are physical assessment skills not practiced? A systematic review with implications for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 99, 104759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104759
TEAM Study Investigators y ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2022). Early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. The New England Journal of Medicine, 387(19), 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2209083
Teixeira, J. P., Hiremath, S., Kabli, A. O., Rewa, O. G., y Clark, E. G. (2025). Continuous kidney replacement therapies: Core curriculum 2025. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 85(6), 767–786. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.09.015
Teja, B., Bosch, N. A., Diep, C., Pereira, T. V., Mauricio, P., Sklar, M. C., Sankar, A., Wijeysundera, H. C., Saskin, R., Walkey, A., Wijeysundera, D. N., y Wunsch, H. (2024). Complication rates of central venous catheters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 184(5), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8232
Thompson, J., Steinheiser, M. M., Hotchkiss, J. B., Davis, J., DeVries, M., Frate, K., Helm, R., Jungkans, C. W., Kakani, S., Lau, S., Lindell, K., McNiff Landrum, K., McQuillan, K. A., Shannon, D. J., Wuerz, L., y Pitts, S. (2024). Standards of care for peripheral intravenous catheters: Evidence-based expert consensus. British Journal of Nursing, 33(21), S32–S46. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2024.0422
Tian, Y., Zhong, Z., Dougarem, D., y Sun, L. (2024). The ultrasound-guided versus standard technique for peripheral intravenous catheter placement by nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon, 10(9), e30582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30582
Tjarks, J. (2026). WEINMANN Emergency. Retrieved from https://www.weinmann-emergency.com/es/temas/monitorizacion-desfibrilacion/saturacion-de-oxigeno-en-la-sangre
Tortora, G. J., y Derrickson, B. H. (2020). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley. https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=_tkzzwEACAAJ
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2020). System-level patient safety practices that aim to reduce medication errors associated with infusion pumps: An evidence review. Patient Safety. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000722
Vales, S. B., y Gómez, L. A. R. (2024). Fundamentos de la ventilación mecánica. MARGE BOOKS.
van Diepen, S., Katz, J. N., Albert, N. M., Henry, T. D., Jacobs, A. K., Kapur, N. K., Kilic, A., Morrow, D. A., Naidu, S. S., Ohman, E. M., Sweitzer, N. K., Thiele, H., y Washam, J. B. (2021). Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 143(15), e815–e829. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000959
Vaseghi, F., Yarmohammadian, M. H., y Raeisi, A. (2022). Interprofessional collaboration competencies in the health system: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 27(6), 496–504. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_476_21
Vidal-Cortés, P., Gómez-López, R., Rodríguez-Ruiz, E., et al. (2025). Intensive care departments organization towards high-quality care: SOGAMIUC recommendations using a Delphi methodology. Medicina Intensiva, 49(11), 502267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medine.2025.502267
Vincelette, C., D'Aragon, F., Stevens, L.-M., y Rochefort, C. M. (2023). The characteristics and factors associated with omitted nursing care in the intensive care unit: A cross-sectional study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 75, 103343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103343
Wang, G., Antel, R., y Goldfarb, M. (2023). The impact of randomized family-centered interventions on family-centered outcomes in the adult intensive care unit: A systematic review. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 38(8), 690–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/08850666231173868
White, et al. (2023). Referencia mencionada en el documento fuente; los datos bibliográficos completos deben verificarse antes de la publicación.
Wickins, D., et al. (2024). A scoping review of fall-risk screening tools in the emergency department for future falls in older adults. Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000541238
Willian Marques de Souza, V. H. (2025, enero 31). SciELO. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11789755/#S02
World Health Organization. (2021). Global patient safety action plan 2021–2030: Towards eliminating avoidable harm in health care. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240032705
Xing, Y., Cai, W., Wang, A., Yuan, Y., y Zhang, R. (2024). Effectiveness of decision aids on critically ill patients' outcomes and family members' knowledge, anxiety, depression and decisional conflict: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nursing in Critical Care, 29(6), 1303–1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.13115
Yang, H., Jiang, Y., Yang, X., Zhu, C., Luo, L., y Hao, W. (2024). Assessment of risk factors for falls in hospitalized older adults: A meta-analysis. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 17(5), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20240911-02
Yaxley, J., Lesser, A., y Campbell, V. (2025). Care of the chronic dialysis patient in the intensive care unit: A state-of-the-art review. Critical Care Science, 37, Article e20250130. https://criticalcarescience.org/
Yokoe, D. S., Advani, S. D., Anderson, D. J., Babcock, H. M., Bell, M., Berenholtz, S. M., Bryant, K. A., Buetti, N., Calderwood, M. S., Calfee, D. P., Dubberke, E. R., Ellingson, K. D., Fishman, N. O., Gerding, D. N., Glowicz, J., Hayden, M. K., Kaye, K. S., Klompas, M., Kociolek, L. K., ... Maragakis, L. L. (2023). Executive summary: A compendium of strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 updates. Infection Control y Hospital Epidemiology, 44(10), 1540–1554. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2023.138
Zhang, J. K., Dinh, T. U., Teasdale, G., Mercier, P., y Mattei, T. A. (2024). The message of the Glasgow Coma Scale: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis and systematic review of clinical practice guidelines spanning the past 50 years. World Neurosurgery, 185, 393–402.e27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.02.139
Zhou, Y., Sun, Y., Pan, Y., Dai, Y., Xiao, Y., y Yu, Y. (2025). Risk prediction models for intensive care unit-acquired weakness in critically ill patients: A systematic review. Australian Critical Care, 38(1), 101066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2024.05.003
Descargas
Publicado
Rómulo Ernesto Méndez Plúas,
Mery Lucía Espinoza Armijos,
Yury Vanessa Morante Mora,
Freyce Anabel Lema León,
Liseth Estefanía Bonilla Trujillo,
Diego Armando Uriarte Ibarra,
Marco Antonio Vera Núñez,
Karla Mariela Morocho Arias,
Mario Rene Jiménez Yucailla,
Jessica Jacqueline Cifuentes Tumaille,
Andrea Michelle Rivas Cobo,
Adriana Jeaneth Santillan Cahuatijo,
Marilyn Geomaira Espinoza De La Cruz,
Erik Fabrisio Alcívar Martínez,
Mónica Estefanía Ramón Tigse
Licencia
CIDPROS EDITORIAL es una editorial académica comprometida con la difusión ética y responsable del conocimiento científico y con la promoción de publicaciones académicas de calidad.
CC BY 4.0 — Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional
Esta obra se distribuye bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), que permite compartir y adaptar el material para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, siempre que se otorgue el crédito correspondiente a los autores, se proporcione un enlace a la licencia y se indique si se realizaron cambios.




